Article Open Access

Energy-Efficient Protocols for Massive IOT Connectivity in 6G Networks

Lokesh Ravilla, Satish Upadhyay, Magthelin Therase Louis, Biswaranjan Swain, G. N. Mamatha, Smita Mishra, Aseem Aneja

Abstract


The possible evolution in wireless communication as it approaches sixth-generation (6G) networks highlights remarkable features, including one of device connectivity, ultra-low latency, and energy efficiency, enabling mIoT deployment. However, these features come with a myriad of challenges with the integration of billions of constrained IoT devices, especially in relation to the aforementioned energy hurdles alongside scalability and spectrum efficiency. This work focuses on energy-efficient 6G IoT networks, proposing new low-power adaptive communication protocols, emphasising power adaptive performance, dependability, and trustworthiness. The roles of key facilitators, Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS), Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA), machine learning coupled with energy harvesting, and even off-grid sustainable power sources are critical for enhanced sustainable connectivity. Covering the protocol design in the physical, MAC, and network layers permits the highlighting of cross-layer optimisation IoT ecosystems in 6G and the focused attention IoT research lacks, supporting bold, environmentally sustainable infrastructure designs.


Keywords


6G Networks, Massive IoT, Energy-Efficient Protocols, Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access, Energy Harvesting

References


Wu, Q., Zeng, Y., & Zhang, R. (2020). Towards smart and reconfigurable environment: Intelligent reflecting surface aided wireless network. IEEE Communications Magazine, 58(1), 106–112.

Ding, Z., Yang, Z., Fan, P., & Poor, H. V. (2017). On the performance of non-orthogonal multiple access in 5G systems with randomly deployed users. IEEE Signal Processing Letters, 21(12), 1501–1505.

Anada, H. (2020). Decentralized Multi-authority Anonymous Authentication for Global Identities with Non-interactive Proofs. Journal of Internet Services and Information Security, 10(4), 23-37.

Di Renzo, M., et al. (2020).Smart radio environments empowered by RIS: How it works, state of research, and road ahead. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 38(11), 2450–2525.,

Thoi, N. T. (2025). Nanoparticle applications revolutionizing chemical processes. Innovative Reviews in Engineering and Science, 2(1), 13-21. https://doi.org/10.31838/INES/02.01.02

Muralidharan, J. (2024). Machine learning techniques for anomaly detection in smart IoT sensor networks. Journal of Wireless Sensor Networks and IoT, 1(1), 15-22. https://doi.org/10.31838/WSNIOT/01.01.03

Soy, A., & Balkrishna, S. M. (2024). Automated detection of aquatic animals using deep learning techniques. International Journal of Aquatic Research and Environmental Studies, 4(S1), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.70102/IJARES/V4S1/1

Ganesh, R., & Siva Kumar, R. (2021). Diagnosis of Brain Tumor Using Artificial Neural Network. International Academic Journal of Innovative Research, 8(1), 06–10. https://doi.org/10.9756/IAJIR/V8I1/IAJIR0802.

Rahim, R. (2023). Effective 60 GHz signal propagation in complex indoor settings. National Journal of RF Engineering and Wireless Communication, 1(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.31838/RFMW/01.01.03

Hoa, N. T., & Voznak, M. (2025). Critical review on understanding cyber security threats. Innovative Reviews in Engineering and Science, 2(2), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.31838/INES/02.02.03

Sinha, J. K., & Dewangan, B. (2024). Phytoplankton and Zooplankton Diversity Analysis on Current Changing Coastal Marine Ecosystems. Aquatic Ecosystems and Environmental Frontiers, 2(2), 17-22.

Zhang, D., et al. (2019). Wake-up radio technology for energy-efficient IoT. IEEE Access, 7, 23577–23591.

Pappukumari, R., & Thilagavathy, N. (2019). Access Usage and Design of Social Networking Sites by Sri Venkateshwara Engineering College Students, Chennai: A Study. Indian Journal of Information Sources and Services, 9(1), 1–3. https://doi.org/10.51983/ijiss.2019.9.1.606.

Zakaria, R., & Zaki, F. M. (2024). Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) for enhancing road safety and efficiency. Progress in Electronics and Communication Engineering, 2(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.31838/PECE/02.01.03

Fadaei, M., Abdipour, M., & Rostami, M. D. (2018). Choosing Proper Cluster Heads to Reduce Energy Consumption in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Gravitational Force Algorithm. International Academic Journal of Science and Engineering, 5(2), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.9756/IAJSE/V5I1/1810028

Surendar, A. (2025). Lightweight CNN architecture for real-time image super-resolution in edge devices. National Journal of Signal and Image Processing, 1(1), 1–8.

B. Avireni, Y. Chu, E. Kepros, S. K. Ghosh and P. Chahal, "Conductive Fabric Based RFID Wearable Textile Antennas for Product Authentication and Quality Control," 2024 IEEE 74th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Denver, CO, USA, 2024, pp. 1746-1751, doi: 10.1109/ECTC51529.2024.00290.

Y. Chu, B. Avireni, S. K. Ghosh, E. Kepros and P. Chahal, "Tire-Integrated Antennas for Wireless Sensors in Automotive Applications," 2024 IEEE 74th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Denver, CO, USA, 2024, pp. 1752-1758, doi: 10.1109/ECTC51529.2024.00291.

Y. Chu, E. Kepros, B. Avireni, S. K. Ghosh and P. Chahal, "RF Energy Harvesting Hybrid RFID Based Sensors for Smart Agriculture Applications," 2024 IEEE 74th Electronic Components and Technology Conference (ECTC), Denver, CO, USA, 2024, pp. 2267-2271, doi: 10.1109/ECTC51529.2024.00385.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.52088/ijesty.v5i1.1449

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Lokesh Ravilla, Satish Upadhyay, Magthelin Therase Louis, Biswaranjan Swain, G. N. Mamatha, Smita Mishra, Aseem Aneja

International Journal of Engineering, Science, and Information Technology (IJESTY) eISSN 2775-2674